Internet & Email

INTERNET & E-MAIL
Internet
The Internet is a collection of computer networks that connects millions of computers around the world. Internet is a Global Network, Which provides users the access to the information available through out the world.
Web Page
A Web page is a document on the Web. Web pages can include text, pictures, sound and video. The World Wide Web is also called the Web, WWW or W3.
Web Site
A Web site is a collection of Web pages maintained by a college, university, government agency, company or individual.

Popular Web Sites
Some Web sites are popular and can get very busy. You may find that it takes longer to view the information on a busy Web site. If it is taking a long time to view a Web site, try connecting again later.
Some informative Web sites URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) are listed here;
 www.yahoo.com www.Google.com www.Punjab.gov.pk
 www.domainxcess.com www.pvtc.gop.pk
What you need before you first visit the Internet!
1. Computer with Internet connection.
2. Internet account with a connection provider.
3. Internet browser software.
4. Email software.
5. Other supported software.
6. Optional: stereo speakers, microphone, and webcam.
Internet Service Provider
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that gives you accesses to the Internet for a fee. You can visit there websites by typing the given home page addresses in URL of internet explorer or if you are using Netscape then type addresses in Location bar
Here is the List for some local Internet Service Providers (ISPs) available in Lahore
ISP’s Home Page
1. Comsats http://www.comsats.net.pk
2. Brain http://www.Brain.net.pk
3. Nexlinx http://www.nexlinx.net.pk
4. WOL http://www.wol.net.pk
5. Worldcall http://www.magic.net.pk
6. Cyber Net http://www.cyber.net.pk
7. PTCL http://www.ptcl.com.pk
8. Wateen http://www.wateen.net
Some internet sites have different extensions, given below are the extensions which are being used for different sites.
ORGANIZATION COUNTRY
COM commercial pk Pakistan
EDU education ca Canada
GOV government it Italy
MIL military JP Japan
NET network au Australia
ORG organization uk United Kingdom
Using Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer is a Web browser produced by the Microsoft Corporation. Windows vista provide the Internet Explorere 7 as default browser.
HOW TO ACCESS RESOURCES ON THE WEB
1. If you have the URL (address) of a Web page
Type the URL to go directly to the page. You have got two ways to do this.
• Type the URL in the Address bar at the top of the screen. Like www.yahoo.com then press ENTER
• Web site is open now.
NAVIGATING THE WEB
To go back to previous sites:
Click on the small Back left arrow on the Address bar near the top left corner of your screen. Each time you click on this arrow, you will return to the previous site that you visited. If you hold your mouse over the Back arrow, the title of the upcoming page will briefly appear.
To move forward:
When you have returned to previous sites with the Back arrow, you can go forward again by clicking on the small right-pointing arrow next to the Back arrow. To move farther ahead, click on the small black triangle to the right of the Forward arrow in the menu bar at the top of the screen. This presents a list of several sites you have visited.
CUSTOMIZING INTERNET EXPLORER
Internet Explorer offers a number of customization options. This section will highlight some of the more useful features available under Tools/Internet Options on the Menu Bar. Tools/Internet Options is divided into seven tabs.
General
Home Page: Specify the URL of the page you want to appear whenever you open IE 7, or whenever you click on the Home icon
Temporary Internet Files: This option allows you to view the files in your browser's cache. The cache holds viewed Web pages for subsequent quick viewing.
Connections
Here you can store the information about your Internet Service Provider, configure your LAN settings, or send your browser requests through a proxy server.
Searching for a Topic
To search for a topic you can click on the search button and Internet Explorer will automatically take you to a Search Engine site where you can type in the key words you are looking for.
Search Information on Internet
A website that provides you the feature to search information over the web known as SEARCH ENGINE e.g.; YAHOO & GOOGLE are the most popular search engines
Popular Search Engines
Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com
Google http://www.Google.com
Alta Vista http://www.Altavista.Digital.com
Infoseek http://www.Infoseek.com
Lycos http://www.lycos.com
Netscape http://www.netscape.com
Introduction to E-Mail
Electronic mail, or e-mail, is the most frequently used service on the Internet for many reasons:

1	You can send a message any time, any where and the recipient can read it at his or her convenience.
2	You can send the same message to several people at the same time.
3	You can forward information to co-workers without retyping it.
4	You can save time. E-mail is fast, usually taking no more than a few minutes to be received.
5	You can e-mail electronic documents and the recipients can then edit and return revised versions
6	You can send messages around the world as easily as to co-workers in the next office.

How E-mail Works on the Internet

1	Like a postal address, an e-mail address specifies the destination of an electronic message. An Internet e-mail address looks like this: username@domain name maqhus@yahoo.com maqhus@hotmail.com maqhus@gmail.com The user name is a unique name that identifies the recipient.
2	E-mail is sent and received through electronic "post offices" known as mail servers
3	To read your e-mail, you must retrieve it from the mail server.
4	Once you enter the address of the recipient, compose your message, and click Send, your e-mail software handles the delivery.
5	If the message isn't delivered, because of an incorrect address, for example, you typically receive an e-mail message explaining why

E-mail provides a fast, economical and convenient way to send messages to family, friends, colleagues, and business organizations.
To read your email on a Web-based email site, you have to SIGN IN on the web-site with a USERNAME and PASSWORD. This means you can use your browser -- or a browser anywhere in the world.
Hotmail & Yahoo may not have been the first Web-Based email sites, but both were certainly one of them to become so popular.
Now, most all of the search engines are offering free web-based email.
• Hotmail.com (Free Web based E-mail service Provider)
• Yahoo.com (Free Web based E-mail service Provider)
Create an E-mail account through a web Browser.
We use www.yahoo.com to create a new e-mail account. Open this site in your internet explorer. Then follow the given below steps as shown through the encircled options.

To create an Email account through you web Browser, Do as shown above click on SIGN UP :

To create your E-mail account through Web Browser you have to provide some Information related to your account, for filling up a form on yahoo.com mail server.

And at the end you will be asked to check the box “Do you Agree?” and then click on “Create my Account”
After clicking you will get a news message of your e-mail account and you will get this screen

After this window click on “Continue”.
Once your e-mail account is created, you are ready to send and receive the e-mails by SIGN IN and after completing your task do not forget to SIGN OUT your e-mail account.
After you have been logged on, several options will be available to you. as shown in left circle options.
1. Inbox

Inbox contains the new mail which you have received. From here you can read new mail, delete old mail and reply to the old messages etc.
Internet E-mail Addresses
Here is how to interpret the parts of an e-mail address:
maqsood@yahoo.com
1.maqsood--The user name of the e-mail account holder is a unique, assigned name that can be a real name, initials, a nickname, or a descriptive word such as "information."
2. @--The ‘commercial AT’ sign is required in all Internet e-mail addresses. It allows the e-mail software to distinguish between the user name and the domain name.
3. yahoo.com--The domain name identifies the company or organization of the account holder.
Major functions of Email
• Sending E-mails

• Opening an email message

• Replying email

• Forwarding email

• Attachment of files with email.

Microsoft Word 2007 tutorial

Word Processor
Word Processor is software that helps you to create any type of written communication like a letter, a report, a memo, or any other type of correspondence or text data.
(i.e. Microsoft Word, Word Pad ,Word Star and Word Perfect are the common word processors). But the Microsoft Word is popular word processor.
MS Word 2007
Microsoft Word is part of the Microsoft Office. Its main function is for producing documents that can includes text, graphics, table, clip art, etc. The most familiar application among the members of the Office is Word.
This lesson will introduce you to the Word window, open Microsoft Word 2007. The Microsoft Word window appears and screen looks similar to the one shown here.
Understanding Document Views
In Word 2007, you can display your document in one of five views: Draft, Web Layout, Print Layout, Full Screen Reading, or Online Layout.
Draft View
Draft view is the most frequently used view. You use Draft view to quickly edit your document.
Web Layout
Web Layout view enables you to see your document as it would appear in a browser such as Internet Explorer.
Print Layout
The Print Layout view shows the document as it will look when it is printed.
Reading Layout
Reading Layout view formats your screen to make reading your document more comfortable.
Outline View
Outline view displays the document in outline form. You can display headings without the text. If you move a heading, the accompanying text moves with it.
Creating Document
Creating a New Document: Keyboard Option
1. Press [Ctrl] + [N]. (The faster & easier way of getting a blank document)
Creating a New Document: Menu Option
1. From the OFFICE BUTTON, select New
The New Document dialog box appears.
2. From the Blank and recent section, click BLANK DOCUMENT
A new blank document appears.
Opening an Existing Document
Follow these instructions to open already existing documents.
1. From the OFFICE BUTTON, select Open
OR Press [Ctrl]+[O] The Open dialog box appears.
2. From the Look in pull-down list, navigate to and select the desired file
3. To open the file, click OPEN. The required document is opened.
Saving a Document
The Save and Save As commands are located within the File menu. If you are saving a document for the first time, both selections will take you to the Save As dialog box.
Saving a Document: First Time
Use this option if you are saving your document for the first time or if you are saving an already saved file under a new name.
1. From the OFFICE BUTTON, select Save As
NOTE: Do not click on the side arrow as it will not allow the Save As function to occur.
2. From the Save in pull-down list, make the appropriate selection:
To save to your C: drive or another drive, select (C:) or another network drive.
3. In the File name text box, type a filename (Word adds a docx extension.)
4. Click SAVE The document is save on the hard-drive.
Saving a Document: Subsequent Times
Use the Save command to save an existing. Use the Save command frequently to save changes to your document.
1. Press [Ctrl] + [S] OR From the OFFICE BUTTON, select Save OR On the Quick Access Toolbar, click SAVE
Editing Basics
Once you have created a Word document and typed some text, you may want to edit your work by adding, moving, or deleting text.
Insertion Point and Pointers
The blinking vertical line located in the window is the insertion point. As you type, keyed text will appear to the left of the insertion point.
Typing Features
As starting on the document, it should be aware of some typing features in Word.
Word Wrap
Text is wrapped at the end of each line and continues on the next line; you do not have to press [Enter] or [Return]
Delete Character
The [Backspace] key moves the insertion point to the left one space at a time, eliminating text or space. The [Delete] key eliminates text or space to the right of the insertion point.
Moving Insertion Point
↑ Up one line of text ↓ Down one line of text
→ Right one character ← Left one character
Ctrl+↑ Up one paragraph Ctrl+↓ Down one paragraph
Ctrl+→ Right one word Ctrl+← Left one word
PgUp Up one screen PgDn Down one screen
End To end of current line Home To start of current line
Ctrl+Home To top of document Ctrl+End To bottom of document
Ctrl+PgUp Up one Page Ctrl+PgDn Down one Page
Using the Undo Command
If text was accidentally deleted or if there was some type of editing mistake, you may be able to reverse the last action using the Undo command.
Using the Undo Command: Keyboard Option
1. Press [Ctrl] + [Z]
The last action is reversed.
Using the Undo Command: Ribbon and Standard Toolbar Option
1. To undo your last action,
On the Quick Access Toolbar, click UNDO
2. To undo multiple actions,
a. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the to the right of the UNDO button
b. Select the action(s) to undo. The selected action(s) are reversed.

Data Communication and Computer Networks

DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK
Terms
Communication
Communication means to an exchange of information between two or more parties and it can be exchange in a Varity of way.
Data or computer Communication is the transmission of data and information over a communications channel between two computers which can be several different things
Channel, in communications (sometimes called communications channel), refers to the medium used to convey information from a sender (or transmitter) to a receiver.
It is necessary to have a pathway or the media to be transmitted data from one point to another. The term media means the device that transmits the voice or the data form one point to another.
Guided Media In Guided media the messages flow through the physical media like twisted pair-wire, coaxial cable fiber optic cables, the media guided is the signal.
Coaxial CablingCoaxial cable has a copper core (inner conductor) with an outer
cylindrical shell for insulation. it is more expensive and difficult
to work with and relatively inflexible and also it cost 10-20 times
more then twisted pair.
Twisted Pair Cables Twisted- pair wire is the most commonly used wire. There are two types of twisted pair cable, shielded and unshielded twisted pair. Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable consists of pairs of insulated solid wire surrounded by a braided or corrugated shielding. Another type of twisted pair is Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) which is most frequently used network cabling because of It is relatively inexpensive to purchase. Unshielded twisted pair is telephone wire consisting of wire pairs within an insulated outside covering.
Fiber Optic Fiber optics consists of thousands of very thin filaments of glass fibers which can conduct lights pulse generated by laser at transmission frequencies that approach the speed of lights. Fiber optics has greater data transmission rate as well as the great security interference tapping.
UnGuided (Radiated) Media:- in unguided media messages is broadcast through the air such as infrared, microwave, or satellite
Infra-Red
There are many systems today using infra-red communications. This is usually a directional infrared light signal transmitted into the air and received by nearby devices.
Radio and Microwave
These are the signals we think of as being radio, television and satellite, but they are now being put to use in wireless Ethernet and Bluetooth communications technologies.

Satellites
The satellite contains a transponder consisting of a radio receiver and transmitter. A ground station on one side of the ocean sends a signal to the satellite, which amplifies it and transmits the amplified signal at a different angle than it arrived at to another ground station on the other side of the ocean.

Signals
Computer uses two types of signals for data transmission are used Analog and Digital.
Digital Signals
A digital signal is a stream of “0” and “1” so this type of signals is appropriate particularly for today computer.
Analog Signals
Analog signals uses variation in a signals to convey information. It is particularly useful for Wave data like sound waves. Our phone lines and speakers are the Examples of Analog Signals.

Modem
Modem word derived from Modulation and Demodulation. A modem is a device that modulates and demodulates the signals. Modulation means conversion of Digital Signals into Analog signals While Demodulation means conversion of Analog signals into Digital signals. Modems are always use in pairs. It is used to connect to the Internet or Global Network.

Network
Te interconnection of more than two computes so that they can share data & resources like printer, CD-ROM is called as a Network.
A Simple Computer Network for File Sharing

Network classification
Networks are classified according to their geographical coverage and size. The two most common network classifications are local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).
LANs (Local Area Network)
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards (NIC) in each computer.

Introduction to Computer

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM:"
The word “Computer” has been derived from the Latin word “Compute” which means to Calculate A computer is an programmable electronic device that can accept data, perform arithmetic (+,-,x,/) & logical (<,>,=,≠) operation on the data, produce the required results. Normally, a computer is considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations at a great speed.
Components of Computer Basically, a computer consists of four components:
i. Hardware: The physical or tangible parts of the computer called hardware. Like Monitor, Keyboard, CPU, Mouse etc.
ii. Software: The set of instructions, that tells the computer, what to do and how to do.
iii. Data: A collection of raw facts and figures is called data, which can include text, numbers, images, audios and videos etc.
iv. User: Computer cannot do any without its operator.
Information:
The processed form of data is called information. Information conveys meaning and is useful to one or more people.
Information Processing Cycle (IPC)
Information processing cycle consists of a series of tasks or steps required to convert data into information. Different steps of information processing cycle are as follows.
Characteristics of Computers.
Computers are powerful for a verity of reasons. They operate with amazing speed reliability, consistency, and accuracy. Computer can store huge amount of data and information.
Speed: Most computers carry out billions of operations in a single second. The words fastest computer can perform trillions of operations in one second.
Reliability and consistency: The electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a low failure rate. The high reliability of computer enables to computer to produce consistence results. So it correct & tireless machine.
Storage: Computer is used due to its large storage capacity. A data that you can place in 100 (7x4) feet almirah can be stored in a computer on a 2 x 2 inch area.
Adoptability: computer has ability to work with and to control each & every electronic device. To plug camera, motors, fax, and many other machines with it to get required results.
Categories of Computers:
There are three major ways to categories Computers.
Size & Speed: By size and speed computers divided into 4 classification, depending upon the capacity and speed of processing the data
Working Principal: By working behaviors computers divided into 3 types, depending upon the data and how computers process the data
Technology: By technology computers divided into 5 generation, each generation has different hardware manufacturing technology.
Classification of Computers (By Size & speed)
1. Micro or Personal Computers
A personal computer (PC) is a computer that can perform all of its inputs, processing, outputs and storage activities by itself. A personal computer contains a processor, memory, and one or more input, output, and storage device.
2. Mini or Midrange Computers
It is larger and more powerful computers than personal computers. It can execute five billion instructions per second. It generally consists of two or more processors. It is more reliable than desktop computer. Mini computers were introduced in 1960s. Mini computers are used in small companies to provide centralized store of information.
3. Mainframe Computers
A mainframe is a large computer in term of price, power and speed. It consists of multiple processors. It is specially designed to perform multiple intensive tasks for multiple users simultaneously. It was introduced in 1970s. A typical mainframe computer can execute 16 million instructions per second. It is used in large organizations, such as banks, Universities and Multinational companies etc.
4. Super Computers
Super computer is the biggest in size, most expensive in price and powerful than any other computer. It can process trillions of instructions in one second. The modern super computer consists of thousands of microprocessors. Super computers are used in weather forecasting, weapon design, preparing models of chemical and biological system, mapping the surface of the planets and studying the neural network of the brain.
Generation of Computer
Generation” in computer talk is a new step in hardware or software technology.
Different generations of computer are as follows:

Generation	Technology	Description
1st Generation (1942-1955	Vacuum Taube	Vacuum tubes (fragile glass device) were the only electronic component available during those days that possible to make electronic digital computer. These computers can calculate data in millisecond; these were very large in size. Examples: UNIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC
2nd Generation (1956-1964)	Transistor	The transistor (Solid State Device) a smaller and more reliable successor to the vacuum tube was invented in 1947 Faster in speed from the previous computers. These computers were able to reduce computational time from milliseconds to microseconds. Examples: UNIVAC III, SS80, SS90, 1107
3rd Generation (1964-1975)	Integrated Circuits	Advance “Microelectronic” technology made it possible to integrate larger number of circuit elements into very small (less than 5 mm square) surface of silicon know as Chip or Integrated Circuit(IC). The use of IC in place of transistors gave birth of new generation. they were able to reduce computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds Examples: IBM System/360 Series
4th Generation>/br> (1975-Present)	VLSI	Small Scale Integration (SSI) contains ten to twenty ICs components. Medium Scale Integration (MSI), which has hundreds of integrated components in a single chip. Large Scale Integration (LSI) possible to integrate 30,000 components into a single chip. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains one million components integrated on a single chip.

Types of Hardware
Hardware can be categorized in the following types

Sr.#	Name	Sr.#	Name
1:	Input Device	2:	Output Device
3:	Processing Devices	4:	Storage Device
3:	Communication Devices

INPUT
Everything that we give to the computer system through input devices is called input.
Input Devices
An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data or instruction into a computer..

Sr.#	Device	Sr.#	Device
1:	Keyboard	2:	Track Ball
3:	Mouse	4:	Glide Pad
5:	Scanner	6:	MicroPhone
7:	Digital Camera	8:	Webcam
9:	Bar Code Reader	10:	Joy Stick

Multimedia:
Multimedia is a combination of sound and images with text and graphics. This would include movies, animation, music, people talking, sound effects like the roar of a crowd, smashing etc.
OUT PUT
Everything that computer display after processing is called output.
Types of Output:-
1: Hard Form: Printed paper or other permanent media that physically exists.
2: Soft Form: Displayed on screen or by other non-permanent means that not keep physically.
OUTPUT DEVICES
Computer hardware components that are used to receive processed information from computer are called output devices.

Sr #	Name	Picture
1	CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors and LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Flat-Panel Displays
2	Speakers
3	Printers (Impact Printers Dot Matrix Printer (Non-Impact Printers Ink jet Printer
4	Plotters
5	Projector

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Microprocessor, also called the central processing unit, interprets and carries out all the basic instructions that operate the computer.


Processor contains a Control Unit (CU) and an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). These two components work together to perform processing of operations.
Control Unit (CU)
The control unit is the component of the processor that directs a coordinates most of operations in the computer. The control unit has a rule much like a traffic cops: it interprets each instruction issued by a program and then initiates the appropriate action to carry out the instructions.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) another component of the processor performs arithmetic, comparison, and logical operation. Arithmetic operations include basic calculation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operation include conditions along with logical operator such as AND, OR, and NOT. For example, if only employees paid hourly can receive overtime pay, the ALU must verify to condition before computing an overtime wage:
1. The employee is paid hourly AND.
2. The employee worked more than 40 hours
Machine cycle
For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations.

• Fetching • Decoding • Executing and if necessary, • Storing

Primary Storage or Main Memory (RAM) : Primary storage, presently known as main memory or simply RAM (Random Access Memory), is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.
Memory stores three basic categories of data.
i. Operating system and other system software that control or maintain the computer and its devices
ii. Application programs that carry out a specific task such as word processing etc.
iii. Data to be processed by the application programs and resulting information.
RAM varies in size like 128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB to 2 GB. RAM can not store data and instruction permanently. When we switch off the computer, all data and instructions from RAM are washed or vanished. Therefore it is called volatile memory.
ROM stands for Read only Memory. It consists of those instructions that prepare the computer for use. ROM instructions are automatically loaded into the Main Memory. These instructions cab only be read but cannot be changed or deleted. It is not possible to write new instructions into the ROM. It stores data and instructions permanently. When we switch off the computer, the instructions stored in the ROM are not lost. Therefore it is called a non-volatile memory.
SECONDARY STORAGE:
It has three types
 Magnetic Disk
 Magnetic Tape
 Optical Disks
Magnetic Disk
It is most widely used storage media for all type of computer. A magnetic disk is a thin circular metal plate or platter coated with magnetic material. Information can be record on or read from the magnetic surface through magnetism. Magnetic disk is a random access storage media.
Types of Magnetic Disk
There are the following types of the magnetic disk

Hard Disk
Floppy Disk
Zip Disk
USB flash Drive

Magnetic Tape (Sequential Access)
It is an example of old type storage media to store large amount of data permanently. Magnetic Tape consists of a thin ribbon of plastic. The tap is coated with magnetic material. The process of reading or writing of data on the tape is very slow. In magnetic tape, data can only be accessed sequentially. It is mostly used for taking backup of data Optical Disks
Optical disk issued laser technology to read or write information. LASER Stands for Light Amplification through stimulated emission of Radiation Laser beam is used to make tiny holes on the surface of the disk.
Compact Disk (CD )
CD is the most popular optical medium. It can hold 650 MB to 800 MB of data. The data on the CD cannot be erased like magnetic diskettes.
DVD DVD, also known as "Digital Versatile Disc" or "Digital Video Disc", is an optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs), but store more than six times as much data
Motherboard
The mother board sometime called a system board is the main circuit board of the system unit. It is used to connect all kind of hardware devices.

Ports: A 'port' serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. Physically, a port is a specialized outlet on a piece of equipment to which a plug or cable connects.
Computer Software
Software, also called Programs. Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it.
Types of the Software
Basically there are two types of the Software
• System Software
• Application Software
System Software
System software consists of the programs that control or maintains the operations of the computer and its devices. System software serves as the interface between user, computer and application software.
There are further two types of the system software
Operating System
Utility Programs
Operating System: is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities among computer hardware devices. The operating system also contains instructions that allow users to run application software. For examples Windows, DOS, Linux, UNIX, Apple Macintosh, Sun-Solaris etc.
Utility Programs: allows a user to perform maintenance type tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs. For examples Antivirus, Backup and Recovery of software, Disk cleanup, Defragmenter, Drivers etc.
Application Software
Application Software consists of programs that perform specific tasks for users. Popular application software includes word processing software, spreadsheet software, database software and presentation graphics software.
Exercise
Q1. Fill in the Blanks
1. Computer derived from the ___________ word ______________.
2. The _______________ form of data is called information
3. The physical or tangible parts of the computer called _____________.
4. ___________ is the set of instructions, that tells the computer, what to do and how to do.
5. A collection of raw facts and figures is called _____________
6. Mini computers introduced in _________________.
7. IPC consists of a series of tasks required to convert ________into ______
8. When computer results are reliably the results should be __________.
9. When computer categorized according to their hardware change is called ______________.
12. Mainframe computers are also known as ____________________
13. Mini computers are also known as ________________________.
14. LCD Stands for _______________________________________.
15. Transistors invented in __________________________
16. SSD stands for ______________________.
17. Computers are divided into ____________ no of generations
18. The __________ is used in construction of IC’s
19. LSI stands for______________________________.
20. CRT stands for _______________________________.
21. Plotter is an __________________ type of device
22. Every thing that we tell to the computer is called______________.
23. The device is used to enter data & information into the computer is called _____________________.
24. Printers are __________ type of device and the results are _________form.
25. A standard Keyboard has __________ no of key.
26. CPU has _________________ and __________________ parts
27. CPU stands for______________________________.
28. _____________________ is carry’s out a program instructions.
29. Machine cycle is a series of stapes of __________, ___________, ____________, ____________.
30. 4096 Bytes equal to __________________ bits
31. PDA stands for _________________________.
32. CU stands for _________________________.
33. Numeric keypad’s ______________________________, keys use as delete key when num lock key is turned off.
34. ROM is a ____________________ memory.
35. RAM Stands for ___________________________________.
36. RAM is also known as _________________________________.
37. Outputting is process of displaying ______________________ at output device
38. The term Bit refers to the amount of memory required to store one ______.
39. IPC stands for ____________________________________________.
40. Numeric pad activates from ____________________key
. 42. Because RAM is a ________________ memory, it needs a constant supply of power.
43. The term BYTE refers to the amount of memory required to store one ___.
44. __________ unit of storage is used to represent one million bytes of data
45. Monitor uses __________________________ mechanism for display
46. 256 bits = _______________________________bytes.
47. Because ROM is a ______________ memory, it doesn’t needs a constant supply of power.
48. ___________ unit of storage is used to represent one billion bytes of data.
49. Microphone is used to enter ____________________ in the computer
50. 256 byte = _______________________________bits.
51. DVD Stands for __________________________________.
Q2. True/False
1. Abacus is first computer.
2. Information is output of computer.
3. Standard keyboard has keys of 106.
4. The process of handling all operation of computer is called Processing.
5. Multimedia is a combination of text, graphics, audio and video.
6. Arrow keys, PageUp, and PageDown Keys belong to Navigation Keys.
7. Mini computers are used for multi user data share interface, but Micro computer used for multi user data processing interface.
8. 1024 trillion bytes are equal to 1048576 billion Bytes.
9. The printer that leaves its impression on paper is called impact printers.
10. A byte is equal to 23 bits.
11. 2nd Generation computers are build in the era of 1943 to 1954
12. Storing is process of storing data in ROM.
13. (13)10 is equal to (1101)2
14. Gigahertz (GHz) = I million cycle per second.
15. Hot processors make mistakes or even melt important part on the chip.
16. VDT stands for Video Display Tube
17. CRT is physical Mechanism used for the Printers.
18. Decode means converting data from machine language to human understandable language.
19. Gigahertz (GHz) = I024 million cycle per second.
20. Storage means to keep something for later use.
21. VDU stands for Video Display Unit
22. A byte is the basic unit of storage.
23. Each byte reside in the memory that identifies its location is called Word Size
24. Operating system Load in ROM when computer starts.
25. CRT is physical Mechanism used in Monitors.
26. Decode means converting data from human language to machine understandable language.
28. System software are used for facilitate the user for user office works
29. Operating system are example of system software
30. Defragmenter is example of system software.